2-3, автоматический механизм дифференцирования

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

# f(x) = a*x**2 + b*x + c的导数

x = tf.Variable(0.0,name = "x",dtype = tf.float32)
a = tf.constant(1.0)
b = tf.constant(-2.0)
c = tf.constant(1.0)

with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    y = a*tf.pow(x,2) + b*x + c
    
dy_dx = tape.gradient(y,x)
print(dy_dx)

# 对常量张量也可以求导，需要增加watch

with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    tape.watch([a,b,c])
    y = a*tf.pow(x,2) + b*x + c
    
dy_dx,dy_da,dy_db,dy_dc = tape.gradient(y,[x,a,b,c])
print(dy_da)
print(dy_dc)

tf.Tensor(1.0, shape=(), dtype=float32)```

```python
# 可以求二阶导数
with tf.GradientTape() as tape2:
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape1:   
        y = a*tf.pow(x,2) + b*x + c
    dy_dx = tape1.gradient(y,x)   
dy2_dx2 = tape2.gradient(dy_dx,x)

print(dy2_dx2)

# 可以在autograph中使用

@tf.function
def f(x):   
    a = tf.constant(1.0)
    b = tf.constant(-2.0)
    c = tf.constant(1.0)
    
    # 自变量转换成tf.float32
    x = tf.cast(x,tf.float32)
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        tape.watch(x)
        y = a*tf.pow(x,2)+b*x+c
    dy_dx = tape.gradient(y,x) 
    
    return((dy_dx,y))

tf.print(f(tf.constant(0.0)))
tf.print(f(tf.constant(1.0)))

(0, 0)```

### 2. Использование градиентной ленты и оптимизатора для нахождения минимума
```python
# 求f(x) = a*x**2 + b*x + c的最小值
# 使用optimizer.apply_gradients

x = tf.Variable(0.0,name = "x",dtype = tf.float32)
a = tf.constant(1.0)
b = tf.constant(-2.0)
c = tf.constant(1.0)

optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.01)
for _ in range(1000):
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        y = a*tf.pow(x,2) + b*x + c
    dy_dx = tape.gradient(y,x)
    optimizer.apply_gradients(grads_and_vars=[(dy_dx,x)])
    
tf.print("y =",y,"; x =",x)

# 求f(x) = a*x**2 + b*x + c的最小值
# 使用optimizer.minimize
# optimizer.minimize相当于先用tape求gradient,再apply_gradient

x = tf.Variable(0.0,name = "x",dtype = tf.float32)

#注意f()无参数
def f():   
    a = tf.constant(1.0)
    b = tf.constant(-2.0)
    c = tf.constant(1.0)
    y = a*tf.pow(x,2)+b*x+c
    return(y)

optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.01)   
for _ in range(1000):
    optimizer.minimize(f,[x])   
    
tf.print("y =",f(),"; x =",x)

# 在autograph中完成最小值求解
# 使用optimizer.apply_gradients

x = tf.Variable(0.0,name = "x",dtype = tf.float32)
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.01)

@tf.function
def minimizef():
    a = tf.constant(1.0)
    b = tf.constant(-2.0)
    c = tf.constant(1.0)
    
    for _ in tf.range(1000): #注意autograph时使用tf.range(1000)而不是range(1000)
        with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
            y = a*tf.pow(x,2) + b*x + c
        dy_dx = tape.gradient(y,x)
        optimizer.apply_gradients(grads_and_vars=[(dy_dx,x)])
        
    y = a*tf.pow(x,2) + b*x + c
    return y

tf.print(minimizef())
tf.print(x)

0.999998569```

```python
# 在autograph中完成最小值求解
# 使用optimizer.minimize

x = tf.Variable(0.0,name = "x",dtype = tf.float32)
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.01)   

@tf.function
def f():   
    a = tf.constant(1.0)
    b = tf.constant(-2.0)
    c = tf.constant(1.0)
    y = a*tf.pow(x,2)+b*x+c
    return(y)

@tf.function
def train(epoch):  
    for _ in tf.range(epoch):  
        optimizer.minimize(f,[x])
    return(f())


tf.print(train(1000))
tf.print(x)

0.999998569```